Rene Descartes an Example of the Topic Arts Essays by

Rene Descartes I. Introduction Rene Descartes was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician. At a time when the intellectual movements of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance had become moribund, he conceived fresh programs for philosophy and science and elaborated and defended them with great originality and brilliance. Descartes founded modern philosophical rationalism and had a profound and pervasive influence on subsequent philosophers of all schools. He was among the first to construe philosophy as providing a necessary foundation for science and rejecting the traditional contemplative ideal, to regard science as a means of acquiring mastery over nature for the benefit of mankind. In addition to being an innovator in philosophy, he was one of the creators of mathematical physics, the inventor of analytic geometry, and an important figure in the histories of optics, physiology, and other branches of science (Cottingham, 2002). Need essay sample on "Rene Descartes" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed II. Background A. Early life Rene Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye, a small town in the Tonraine district, now called La Haye-Descartes in his honor. He claimed, mistakenly, that his mother died while giving birth to him: in fact, she died while giving birth to another child about a year later. He was raised first by one of his grandmothers and then by the other until, at the age of 10, he entered the Jesuit school at La Fleche, near Le Mans, in 1614 he graduated from this school: two years later, perhaps to satisfy his father (who was an official of the Parlement of Britanny) he obtained a degree in law from University of Poitiers. Descartes family was well-to-do, and he received an income that enabled him to live in moderate comfort throughout his life. He appears to have had considerable difficulty, as a young man, in finding himself. Until he was about 30 his devotion to the philosophical and scientific interests he had developed at La Fleche was somewhat intermittent and unsystematic. Periods in which his intellectual activity was remarkably intense and productive alternated with periods in which he led a more or less dilettantish life (Cottingham, 2002). Descartes spent several years as a soldier, a customary occupation for younger sons of his social class. In 1617, he went to the Netherlands and joined the army of Maurice of Nassau. He found garrison life boring in the extreme until he met Isaac Beeckman, a mathematician and physicist who recognized Descartes talent and whom Descartes credited with having aroused him from his intellectual torpor. After serving briefly in Germany with the Duke of Bavaria in 1619, Descartes ended his military career. There is no evidence that he was ever in combat. Several years later, however, while living in Paris, he disarmed a man in swordplay over an insult to a lady (Moyal, 2001). B. First Creative Period During his stay in Germany, Descartes had maintained and intensified the intellectual momentum previously generated in him by his discussions with Beeckman. Not long after leaving the Netherlands, he made some important mathematical discoveries, and this success inspired him with ambition. His efforts to extend his achievement reached their climax in the fall of 1619, when he conceived the plan of a universal science, in which all problems susceptible to human reason could be solved and in which all philosophical and scientific truth could be unified as a single system (Kenny, 2004). The exaltation induced in him during this sustained period of strikingly creative work was followed shortly by exhaustion and self-doubt, and he suffered a brief emotional crisis. On the night of Nov. 10-11, 1619, he had three dreams that impressed him deeply. He understood the dreams as reflecting his conflicts concerning the value of his ideas and the risks involved in committing his life to them. His anxieties were apparently resolved when he interpreted the dreams to mean that his conceptions were sound and that it was his mission to create the system of thought whose possibility he believed he had discovered. Between 1619 and 1627, Descartes lived in Paris for several years and spent the rest of time traveling. He lived in Italy for about 18 months, during which period he made a pilgrimage to the shrine of the Virgin Mary at Loreto, fulfilling a vow he made following his three dreams in November 1619. For a while he joined the whirl of Parisian social life, but the role of a cavalier did not satisfy him, and he sloughed it off neatly by changing his residence without notice to his friends. He wrote very little during this period, but his reputation was growing, and he had access to the most advanced intellectual circles (Cottingham, 2002). Part of Descartes vision of universal science was a notion of the method of inquiry by which progress in philosophy and in the sciences might most reliably be made. Episodes of distracted idleness apart, he devoted himself largely to practicing the use of this method and to refining his conception of it. He was especially fascinated by the telescope, which had recently become known in France, and he worked successfully on various problems in optics that arose in the course of his efforts to design more effective telescopic lenses. Late in 1627, Descartes had a long conversation about his philosophical and scientific program with Pierre Cardinal de Berulle, a leading figure in the Roman Catholic renaissance in France. He convinced Berulle that the enterprise he had conceived might lead to progress in medicine and in the useful arts generally, and therefore would be of enormous practical benefit to mankind. Berulle strongly counseled him to devote all his energies to the enterprise and to make it possible for others to join him in his work (Moyal, 2001). The conversation evidently had a decisive impact on Descartes. Imbued with a vivid sense of the urgency of his responsibility, he resolved to improve his conditions of work and to commit himself wholeheartedly to achieving the results that he believed his method made possible. It was at about this time that he decided to leave France for the Netherlands, where the climate was cooler and where he would not be subject to the distractions of French life. C. Move to the Netherlands Descartes settled in the Netherlands in 1628 and, except for a few rather brief visits of France, remained there until 1649. By 1633, he had completed a major work, entitled The World (Le Monde), in which presented parts of his system of physics and the results of his research in physiology and in embryology. The book was about to be published when he learned that the Roman Catholic Church had just condemned Galileo for espousing the Copernican theory of the solar system. Because the astronomical theory developed in The World was also Copernican, Descartes suppressed the book, and it did not appear until many years after his death (Kenny, 2004). In 1637, Descartes published anonymously three essays (Essais) reporting the results of his work in geometry, in optics, and in meteorology, prefaced by a lengthy Discourse on Method (Discours de la methode). Although most learned writing at that time was in Latin, Descartes wrote the Discourse and the essays in French. He hoped they would be read not only by scholars but by intelligent men generally and even by women; his intention was to go over the heads of the scholarly community to people who had no vested interest in the traditional doctrines he was eager to supplant. The Discourse is written for the most part with great lucidity and charm, and it is widely regarded as one of the classics of French literature. It contains an intellectual autobiography, sketches of Descartes method and metaphysics, examinations of certain scientific questions (including an account of Harveys discovery of the circulation of the blood, which Descartes was among the first to appreciate and to publicize), and a discussion of the conditions and prospects of further progress in the sciences. Despite its title, it does not provide a detailed account of his method. In 1628, before he left France, Descartes has begun to write, in Latin, a treatise on method called Rules for the Direction of the Mind (Regulae ad directionem ingenii). It was his only substantial work on methodology, but he did not complete it and his manuscript was not published until 1701, more than 50 years after his death (Dicker, 1993). In 1641, Descartes published in Latin his most important book on metaphysics, Meditations Concerning Primary Philosophy (Meditationes de prima philosophia), in which he attempted to establish the framework of concepts and the basic assumptions that he believed the progress of science required. He dedicated the meditations to the theological authorities in France. III. Discussion A. Doctrines By the end of the 16th century, the coherence and authority of the primarily Aristotelian intellectual culture of the late Middle Ages (not to mention its social, political, and religious institutions) had been decisively undermined. But no equally comprehensive alternative view of the world, and of mans place and role in it, had yet been satisfactorily established. For many of the most sensitive and conscientious intellectuals of the period the result was a deep sense of uncertainty (most notably expressed by Montaigne) to abandon active life and to withdraw into oneself (Dicker, 1993). Descartes reinvigorated the philosophical thought of his time by transforming its skepticism and emphasis on self from expressions of despair into creative instruments contributing to intellectual progress. a.) Method Descartes regarded the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic as worthless for the purposes of inquiry. He found them suitable for displaying in a convincing manner the evidence for conclusions that had already been established, but of no value whatever in the effort to make fresh discoveries. On the other hand, he believed that his own method was a powerful means of acquiring new truths. This method was essentially rationalistic. It involved, first, identifying by conceptual analysis the simple elements to which all more complex objects of thought may be reduced, and second, synthesizing an understanding of the structure of reality by perceiving the necessary relationships in which these elements must stand to one another (Dicker, 1993). His initial moves in applying this method were to press uncertainty to its ultimate limit by subjecting to the most uncompromising criticism the evidence on which his accustomed beliefs rested, and to suspend every opinion, however plausible, in which he found even the slightest rational basis for doubt (Kenny, 2004). This ruthless gambit had a double purpose. First, Descartes intended to regain complete control over his own mind by eliminating the preconceptions and prejudices he had acquired during the time when he was not yet capable of exercising his critical faculties autonomously. And, second, he hoped to uncover some preposition that would prove itself immune to even the most relentless skepticism and that could thus provide a firm foundation for the reconstruction of his system of beliefs (Kenny, 2004). His plan was to proceed from this proposition, once he had found it, by steps so cautious and well-defined that there would be no risk of error or of misunderstanding. In pursuing this strategy, Descartes consciously imitated what he took to be the method of mathematics, whose peculiar lucidity and certainty he wished to introduce into the other branches of learning with which he was concerned. b.) Senses and Reason Descartes methodological skepticism led him first to a suspension of all beliefs based on the evidence of the senses. Sensory evidence is never in itself conclusive, he argued, since it is always possible (so far as can be determined by the senses) that a person is dreaming or that a supernatural power has arranged for him to be deceived. But while Descartes therefore provisionally regarded the existence and character of physical objects (including his own body) as uncertain, like Montaigne he found the reality of his mind uniquely secure against all doubts (Cottingham, 2002). However determined his skepticism, he could not doubt that he was doubting; this preposition was confirmed by the very effort to refute it. In what is surely the most famous statement in philosophical literatureI think; therefore I am (cogito ergo sum)he expressed the unimpeachable certainty of his own existence as a thinking being and identified the point from which his efforts to reconstruct his beliefs could confidently proceed (Moyal, 2001). IV. Conclusion In conclusion, Descartes last book was Treatise on the passions (Les passions de lame, 1649), in which he dealt mainly with psychology, ethics, and the relation between mind and body. IN 1649, he went to Stockholm at the invitation of Queen Christina of Sweden, who wished him to teach her philosophy and to establish an institute for the advancement of science. When his friend Chanut, the French ambassador in Stockholm, became ill with pneumonia, Descartes helped to care for him and contracted the disease himself (Cottingham, 2002). Descartes died in Stockholm on February 11, 1650, and was buried in Sweden. In 1666, his remains were taken to Paris and buried in the Church of Ste. Genevieve du Mont; in 1819, they were moved to the Church of ST. Germain des Pres, except for his skull, which is in the Musee de lHomme. Reference: Cottingham, John, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Standard handbook, with good guide to further reading. Dicker, Georges. Descartes: an Analytical and Historical Introduction. Oxford University Press, 1993. Rather more substantial than title suggests. Kenny, Anthony. Descartes, a Study of his Philosophy. 2004. New York: Random House; New York; London: Garland, 1999. Another classic study, by a leading British philosopher. Moyal, George D., ed. Ren Descartes: Critical Assessments. 7 v. London: Routledge, 2001. Comprehensive collection.

Global Village Essays

Global Village Essays Global Village Essay Global Village Essay Abstraction: The procedure of making and sharing information with one another is called communicating. The universe is going a small-intersected community for the rapid alterations in engineering. enlargement of transnational concern or activities. transit and in-migration. The sustainability of planetary economic system mostly depends on the transnational concern or other activities. Therefore. it is indispensable to pass on efficaciously among the people from different civilizations. states and groups. But cultural differences stand as barrier for effectual communicating. Informal apprehensions among the people. parties from different civilizations make the base of effectual communicating. Proper intercultural communicating is the manner to do the overall communicating more efficient and effectual. : The emerging usage of societal media webs besides doing base of effectual intercultural communicating. Interactions among different cultural people are doing them more familiar to the other civilizations and ensuing common and shared cultural activities. It is besides doing the informal apprehension among different cultural people. Intercultural communicating is besides doing people much more communicative than old. Peoples are bettering their communicating accomplishments. competencies by the grace of intercultural communicating. Intercultural communications has besides impacts on the societal. political and cultural values. Peoples are sharing common civilizations twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours and society besides keeping similar values bit by bit. The political issues are no more for a peculiar group as people from different topographic points of the universe responding at the same time. Every major political issue is going a planetary concern. Finally each and every type of communicating signifier has impact on intercultural communicating. Verbal. non-verbal. written. ocular these all types of communicating are act uponing intercultural communicating. Contentss Abstract:2 Introduction:4 The importance of Intercultural Communication in the planetary position of the world:5 The function of societal media such as. Facebook in Intercultural Communication6 The impact of Intercultural communicating on the Communication competence7 The consequence of Intercultural Communication on societal. political and cultural values8 The consequence of assorted types of communicating ( verbal. non-verbal. written and ocular ) on Intercultural Communication9 Conclusion:10 References:11 Introduction: Today the universe we live in is a planetary village where no state. group or civilization can stay anon. ( Samovar A ; Porter. 1991 ) . One portion of the universe clearly impacts on the other portion of the universe. And the impact is turning twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. By the approvals of the modern engineering we can easy pass on with the people from anyplace. any states any civilizations of the universe. So. if we do non cognize that peculiar civilizations it may be a critical undertaking to cover with the people. Intercultural communicating is a form communicating among different groups of people from different civilizations of the universe. It is besides widely known as cross-cultural communicating. Some people say that intercultural communicating is merely communications among the people from different states. But some disagree and say. it encompasses broader country including inter-ethnic. inter-religious. and even inter-regional communicating Even they include communicating among persons of different sexual orientations are as intercultural communicating. This assignment encompasses the importance of intercultural communicating and the impacts of societal media on it. It besides covers the impacts of intercultural communicating on communicating competencies of an person. The impacts on assorted societal. cultural and political facets are besides described in this assignment. Finally. it has critical appraisal of the impacts of different communicating types like verbal gestural written or ocular. The importance of Intercultural Communication in the planetary position of the universe: Intercultural Communication has great importance in the planetary economic system. civilization and political relations every bit good. Intercultural Communication is most indispensable for concern intent. When a company runs its concern to different parts of the universe it is necessary of import to hold better understanding about the civilizations of different aiming groups. They have to pass on to different sections of people like the providers. clients. workers from wholly different civilizations from the different portion of the universe. To increase the productiveness intercultural communicating is besides of import. As an illustration. an dress company produces vesture. If their production works is located in Europe. it will take really high cost for per unit of production. Then overall productiveness will travel down. If they have the mill in southern Asia so it can be produced more from the same cost of production as they have low workers cost. Furthermore. in a mill at that place may hold different people from different civilizations. if they have a good interactions among them. it will besides increase the overall productiveness. It opens the door of invention by teamwork. We all know that. endowments are scattered to each and every corner of the universe. We besides know that. no large result is come by a individual attempt. Each and every extremist success so far. is brought by a squad work. If the squad comprises of endowment people from different parts of the universe. it would be the best to convey a good consequence. But the most of import issue is that. good interactions and communications among them. Intercultural communicating is besides of import to pattern squad work for better consequence. Immigration is another of import issue mostly depend on intercultural communicating. Peoples from the low income state. are selling their labor to the economically stronger county. Here. both parties are acquiring benefited. as the stronger state is acquiring low paid worker. where the workers are besides acquiring work chance. But. here intercultural communicating is besides of import. We besides good concerned about the cyberspace based concern in the universe. Freelancing is besides an emerging issue by the grace of engineering. Peoples from one portion of the universe are acquiring their occupations done from an expert from a thousand kilometres off. This concern is surely brings a positive some game for the both worker and supplier. Modern organisations are composed of diverse people and directors from different civilization s to run transnational concern. Intercultural communicating besides fosters the direction accomplishment and leading accomplishments. Intercultural communicating has besides importance on planetary political issues. Peoples are going a community with the concern of every fiddling political issue. The function of societal media such as. Facebook in Intercultural Communication There is a critical function of societal media in intercultural communicating. Facebook. chirrup. MySpace are being used by one million millions of people across the universe. They are interacting in same platform. They are going friend from one portion of the universe to another. from one civilization to another civilization. Furthermore. any intelligence and updates are distributing each and every portion of the universe merely with in a 2nd. These interactions are doing a strong base of intercultural communicating. As an illustration. people from China may hold different cultural activities and festivals which are really unfamiliar to a individual from Europe. But a Chinese is distributing his celebration through the facebook to t individual of Europe. Therefore. the individual of Europe is acquiring familiar with the festivals. norms and other cultural activities of the Chinese people. Lapp to the Chinese one he/she is besides acquiring familiar to the civilizations of Europe. Therefore. a strong base is being built by sharing those societal media webs. Peoples are acquiring familiar to the cultural activities to the different parts of the universe and intercultural communicating is acquiring improved twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Peoples are take parting all the cultural activities beyond their ain boundary lines and civilizations. Furthermore. these webs are opening window of interacting informally with one another. Therese informal communicating is most of import for the better apprehension among the people. It helps to clear up all the cultural factors and give an interior penetration about a wholly different civilization. These societal media are besides assisting to pass on with all signifiers of communicating like verbal. non-verbal. written and ocular as they are giving chance of video conversation. Therefore a strong apprehension is turning up and effectual intercultural communicating is built. The impact of Intercultural communicating on the Communication competency Communication competency is the ability to interact good with others ( Spitzberg. 1988 ) . To maximise the accomplishment of communicating and to bring forth adaptative communicating public presentations by utilizing cognition of ego. other. context a situational ability to put realistic and appropriate ends is needed. This ability is communication competency. ( Friedrich 1994 ) . Intercultural communicating has great impact on the communicating competencies of an person. These are describes as follows. Adaptability: Intercultural communicating increases a person’s adaptability by opening new window of societal experience. societal verification. humor and societal calm. Empathy: It besides helps to increase the ability to show apprehension and portion emotional reactions to the state of affairs. It creates the sense of assisting each other. parallel emotions and cognitive apprehension. Communication ability: It besides to increase overall communicating and interaction ability among the people. It besides increases the flexibleness. esthesia. tolerance among the people. It besides makes the people to go more wide and open-minded. Interactions among different people increase the assurance in the head and make understanding and regard to the other cultural people as good. Therefore. this regard and do people more synergistic and their competencies of communicating additions. Peoples are acquiring motivated to work with the other cultural people more comfortably. Hence. their sense of interpersonal apprehension is turning. Peoples get constructs all informal issues of a civilization and communicating elements of a peculiar civilization through intercult ural communicating. The consequence of Intercultural Communication on societal. political and cultural values Intercultural Communication has impacts on the societal. political and cultural values of the people. If we see there is a societal alteration for intercultural communicating. The societies of each and different parts of the Earth are going about similar. Even in a state. societies are seeking to keep certain criterions by following the other society. These are going merely for the approvals of intercultural communicating. Intercultural communicating has besides impact on the cultural values. As the people are acquiring familiar with the other civilizations twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours it has impacts on his ain civilization. One illustration is described as follows. In Europe. Valentine’s Day is observed with a great celebration or New Year jubilation is besides observed in a great celebration. But by the grace of the modern universe and most significantly for intermural communi cating these festivals are no more for Europe merely. Peoples from every portion of the universe. like Bangladesh is detecting these festivals with a great celebration. So. it is clear that one civilization is act uponing to another civilization and new cross-cultural activities are emerging. Popular festivals are no more for a group of people. people are appreciating cultural activities from different civilizations and including to their civilization and new civilizations are emerging. Cultures are going planetary every bit good. Finally. the political facets are besides being influenced by the intercultural communications. World politicians are non merely concerned about their state merely ; they have to believe a batch about the other parts as good. It will be clear. if we see the really recent incident of Syria. The tragic incident. made an allegation across the universe. This is now going really common scenario now. Any national incident is no more for a group of people merely. It is a concern of the whole universe. The universe is responding spontaneously and at the same time. So. there are besides some extremist alterations for intercultural communications. The consequence of assorted types of communicating ( verbal. non-verbal. written and ocular ) on Intercultural Communication There are different signifiers of communicating. Peoples communicate verbally. nonverbally. in a written manner or visually. These all type of communicating has impacts on interpersonal communicating. Few illustrations will do it clear. First. Good Morning / evening’ are widely used in western civilization. These greeting words are the portion of their civilization. But bit by bit it is turning planetary salutations. If we see societal web page in a forenoon. this will be really clear. We can happen tonss of salutations form different cultural people of the universe. What is their civilization. their linguistic communication do non count really. Even erstwhile words have different significance in different linguistic communications. which may make complexness. But bit by bit these complexnesss are overcome by the grace of globalisation and effectual intercultural communicating. Another illustration sing non-verbal communicating signifier will do the subject clearer. Thumbs up is mark of alright in peculiar civilization but this mark has an opposite significance in another civilization. It is used as an contemptuous mark in peculiar cultural group. So. it may be job when two individuals are pass oning nonverbally. But. now frequent and monolithic communications among different cultural groups of people are doing these issues more clear. Gradually non- verbal communications are besides turning with cosmopolitan significance. Similarly. in written communicating. certain cultural people have some norms but while pass oning to another cultural people it may make some noise. Massive intercultural communications are besides cut downing these jobs. Ocular elements can besides be a signifier of communicating. Many images. colorss have different significance to different cultural groups of people. Peoples are pass oning with video conversation. sharing ocular elements in societal media in monolithic graduated tables and these issues are besides going indistinguishable. Decision: Message transmittal is the chief job in intercultural communicating. One individual can easy encode or construe the message from a individual of similar civilization as they have common values. beliefs and norms. But in transverse cultural communicating. messages can be encoded different manner even sometimes can be interpreted with an opposite significance. Effective intercultural communications are doing these issues more issues and making a good platform for a good communicating base. And these are being built by the grace of modern engineering. societal media. Intercultural communicating is besides playing a critical function to the success of transnational organisation. Practicing intercultural communicating increases the communicating competences of an person. He or she besides gets motivated. confident and efficient than earlier while pass oning proficiently to the colleagues from different civilizations. All the signifiers of communicating have besides impacts on the intercultural communicating. The planetary small town will shortly keep really similar civilization. values and linguistic communications. Intercultural communications are doing the base to do Earth a borderless small town. Mentions: 1. Allwood. J. . A ; Schroeder. R. ( 2000 ) . Intercultural communicating in a practical environment. Intercultural Communication. 4. 1-15. 2. BeerE. Jennifer. ( 2003 ) . High and Low Context. Communicating Across Cultures. Retrieved December 01. 2013. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. culture-at-work. com/highlow. hypertext markup language 3. Bomadan. ( 2010 ) . Importance of Intercultural Communication Retrieved January 07. 2013. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. studymode. com/join. php? redirectUrl= % 2Fessays % 2FImportance-Of-Intercultural-Communication-To-Ist-297367. hypertext markup language A ; from=essay 4. Castells. M. ( 2000 ) . Materials for an explorative theory of the web society. British Journal of Sociology. 5. Elisabeth Harper. ( 2013 ) . Interactive. Social Media Retrieved January 02 from. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. omnistudio. com/category/interactive/

Identify the most consequential features of 'new media' and assess how Essay

Identify the most consequential features of 'new media' and assess how and why sociological theory and concepts deal with these - Essay Example In line with this, this paper aims at recognizing the various features of new media and analyzing the sociological concepts that can be derived from the affirmed features. The linkage of networks, capitalism, virtual relationships, digitalism, selfishness to geographical distances, and cultural identities are the main features of new media whose influence on sociological concepts will be reviewed. The linkage of networks The term â€Å"networks† within sociology is used to refer to the different connections between diverse actors, where these connections are driven by new media. Networks, according to Gane & Beer (2008, pp. 30), can be referred to as â€Å"dynamic systems that contain infinite creative possibilities, for they bring entities into contact in ways that would previously have been unimaginable.† Platforms are created through interfaces, where various media can be linked and information easily shared by huge numbers of people (Gane & Beer, 2008, pp.7). The sh aring of information is easier due to reduced time and cost, and augmented speed of sharing information since there is no environmental supply chain. Gane & Beer (2008, pp. ... zation and production, to create common new media capable of performing complex tasks that could only be performed using different devices during the analogue period. For example web pages getting merged with T.V channels to come up with a mode of information sharing in which people can get real-life stories in a very short time. Essentially, this means that new media has brought about new ways of representing the world, meaning that even the sociological and cultural meanings ascribed to world phenomenon have changed. Using the social network analysis, according to Gane & Beer (2008, pp. 14) gives an empirical view of the way in which actors operate within networks. Networks are seen as means through which capitalism is advanced in the society, since they allow for the easy flow of capital (Gane & Beer, 2008, pp. 23). Economic role: capitalism In today’s society, a person has to be included on the network in order to be an active participant in social activities. The network society brought about by novel media has stratified the society and brought about new forms of disparities (Webster, 2006, pp. 111). In an ideal world, in information labor, there are classes of people with some termed as â€Å"manual workers† whose stringency to technical change renders them unable of acquiring wealth. Informational capitalism distinguishes against the unskilled and uneducated therefore placing them at the lowest level of social classes. This class of people in the words of Castells (2001, pp. 94), is socially punished for failing to invest in intellectual capital. The digital economy typified by the new media has led to labor exploitation of temporary workers (Fish & Srinivasan, 2011, pp. 138). Digitally distributed labor relies on user-distributed content which comes from